Neuroscience has traditionally attributed a central role to nerve cells in learning and memory processes. However, recent research reveals that astrocytes, star-shaped glial cells, play equally crucial roles. A study led by researchers at the University of Bonn uses a biophysical model to elucidate how these cells contribute significantly to synaptic plasticity, which is essential for the brain’s rapid and efficient adaptation to new information.
Role of Astrocytes in Synaptic Plasticity
Astrocytes regulate synaptic plasticity by controlling the levels of neurotransmitters such as D-serine. D-serine acts as a co-agonist of NMDA receptors, modulating the strength and direction of synaptic connections, processes that are fundamental for learning and memory. The biophysical model developed explains how astrocyte dysfunction can lead to significant cognitive deficits, impairing the brain’s ability to adapt and reconfigure its synaptic connections (Astrocytes_ The Heroes…)
Experimental Findings and Computational Modeling
The research, published in Communications Biology, combines experimental observations with mathematical modeling to provide a comprehensive view of the interactions between neurons and astrocytes. The experiments showed that mice with impaired astrocytic regulation exhibited learning deficits, confirming the importance of astrocytes in dynamic synaptic adaptation. The resulting mathematical framework not only corroborates these observations, but also offers new testable predictions about the learning process.
Therapeutic Implications
Understanding the role of astrocytes in synaptic plasticity opens up new therapeutic possibilities. Interventions aimed at improving astrocyte function may potentially mitigate cognitive deficits associated with several neurological conditions. Research suggests that targeting the regulation of D-serine levels may be an effective strategy to promote synaptic plasticity and, consequently, improve cognitive functions.
Conclusion
Astrocytes are emerging as key components in learning and memory processes, challenging the traditional view that centralizes neurons in these processes. Research led by the University of Bonn offers a new perspective on the complex cellular interactions that underpin synaptic plasticity, highlighting the potential of astrocytes as therapeutic targets for improving cognitive functions. This new understanding paves the way for significant advances in neuroscience and the treatment of cognitive disorders.
Reference :
SQUADRANI, L.; VERZELLI, P.; BOHMBACH, K.; HENNEBERGER, C.; TCHUMATCHENKO, T. Astrocytes enhance plasticity response during reversal learning. Communications Biology, 2024. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06540-8. Accessed on: 01 Aug. 2024.
