Food is an essential aspect of human life, influenced by biological, psychological and cultural factors. In the context of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), the relationship with food can acquire peculiar characteristics, especially with regard to the preference for sweets. This phenomenon, observed in many individuals with autism, raises important questions about the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms that support it.
The role of neurotransmitters
One of the central factors that may explain the preference for sweets in people with autism is an imbalance in neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, dopamine and GABA. Studies indicate that autistic individuals often have altered levels of serotonin, a substance that regulates mood, satiety and well-being. Consuming foods rich in sugar temporarily raises serotonin levels, providing a feeling of pleasure that may be particularly desirable for those who live with intense emotional swings.
Dopaminergic dysfunction, a hallmark of autism, is also relevant. Dopamine is responsible for regulating the brain’s reward system. In autistic individuals, this system can be hyper- or hyporesponsive, making sweet foods a reliable source of stimulation and pleasure. In addition, GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates brain arousal, is often dysregulated in ASD, leading to more compulsive or specific eating patterns.
Sensory sensitivity and dietary restrictions
In addition to neurochemical factors, sensory sensitivity, a hallmark of autism, also plays a role in sweet preferences. Sweet foods often have consistent, predictable textures and flavors, which can be comforting for individuals with aversions to complex flavors or textures. This sensory sensitivity, coupled with the restrictive behavior common in autistic individuals, often results in a limited diet, where sweet foods become a frequent choice.
The emotional relationship with food
For many individuals with autism, sugar can also play an emotional role. Stress and anxiety, often exacerbated by social situations or changes in routine, can lead to comfort-seeking behavior in food. Sugar, by releasing endorphins and activating the reward system, becomes a quick fix for relieving stress.
A critical look at health
While understandable, a preference for sweets in people with autism raises health concerns, such as an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic problems. This requires a careful approach that respects the individual’s sensory and emotional needs, but also promotes more balanced food choices.
Conclusion
The preference for sweets in individuals with autism is multifactorial, involving both neurobiological and behavioral aspects. Understanding these relationships is essential to offer adequate nutritional support and interventions that respect the specificities of the spectrum. More than restricting or condemning the consumption of sweets, the challenge lies in balancing pleasure and health, creating a food environment that is inclusive, respectful and adapted to the needs of each individual.
