Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing damage to the myelin sheath, the protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers. This demyelination interferes with communication between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body, resulting in a variety of neurological symptoms (Abreu Rodrigues & Oh, 2021).
MS is a complex condition with different subtypes, each with distinct characteristics. The relapsing-remitting form (RRMS) is the most common, characterized by periods of flare-ups (exacerbations) followed by periods of remission (improvement of symptoms). However, around half of patients with RRMS progress to the secondarily progressive form (SPMS), in which the disease progresses gradually, with or without relapses (Abreu Rodrigues & Oh, 2021).
Although the exact cause of MS is still unknown, the disease is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic predisposition, associated with factors such as viral infections, vitamin D deficiency and smoking, can increase the risk of developing the disease (Abreu Rodrigues & Oh, 2021).
Diagnosing MS is a multifaceted process that involves clinical assessment of symptoms, medical history and complementary tests, such as MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging is essential for identifying lesions in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, characteristic of demyelination (Abreu Rodrigues & Oh, 2021).
MS treatment aims to control flare-ups, slow the progression of the disease, and alleviate symptoms. Corticosteroids are often used to reduce inflammation during flare-ups, while disease-modifying therapies such as interferon-beta can help prevent new flare-ups and slow disease progression (Abreu Rodrigues & Oh, 2021).
In addition to conventional therapies, new therapeutic approaches are being investigated, including the use of hematopoietic stem cells and lithium. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has shown promising results in patients with aggressive MS, while lithium, a medication used to treat bipolar disorder, has been studied for its potential neuroprotective effects (Abreu Rodrigues & Oh, 2021).
In short, MS is a challenging disease that affects the quality of life of millions of people around the world. Understanding the mechanisms of the disease and developing new therapies are crucial to improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients with MS. (Abreu Rodrigues, F., & Oh, H. (2021). Multiple sclerosis and treatments. Multiple Sclerosis, 4(2), 10.)
Reference :
Abreu Rodrigues, F., & Oh, H. (2021). Multiple sclerosis and treatments. Multiple Sclerosis, 4(2), 10. https://doi.org/10.38087/2595.8801.106
