Introduction
Human memory, although not an exclusive function of human beings, presents its most complex and sophisticated degree in this species. The ability to store and retrieve information acquired throughout life allows individuals to construct their identities based on their experiences. This article explores the definition, theoretical models and neurological implications of memory, emphasizing its importance in understanding human behavior and associated pathologies.
Definition and Theoretical Models of Memory
Memory can be defined as the process of receiving, processing, storing and retrieving information from the world around us. This function is often compared to computer memory systems, but with greater complexity due to its dependence on emotional and perception factors (Rodrigues, 2022). Ebbinghaus, one of the pioneers in the experimental study of memory, demonstrated that the retention of information is facilitated when it has some structured meaning (Neufeld et al., 2001).
Several theoretical models have been proposed to explain memory. The Space Model, for example, introduced by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, divides memory into sensory, short-term and long-term. This model emphasizes that information must be appropriately encoded to be stored and later retrieved (Eysenck & Keane, 1994). Other models, such as Bartlett’s Schema Theory and Mandler’s Recognition Model, highlight the importance of organization and recognition in memory retrieval.
Memory and Nervous System
Memory storage and retrieval are processes distributed across different brain regions. The limbic system, which includes structures such as the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex, plays a crucial role in these processes. The hippocampus is essential for the formation and indexing of episodic memories, while the amygdala gives emotional meaning to memories, making them more lasting (McGaugh, 2002). Neuroimaging studies show that activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with working memory, which is fundamental for complex cognitive tasks (Jaeger, 2016).
Clinical Implications
Damage or changes to the hippocampus and other memory-related areas can lead to several neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amnesia, and schizophrenia. For example, individuals with Alzheimer’s exhibit inhibited neurogenesis and loss of neural connections, resulting in memory loss and other cognitive dysfunctions (Dalmaz et al., 2004). Furthermore, exposure to chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels can negatively affect the structure and function of the hippocampus, as seen in cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (McGaugh, 2002).
Final Considerations
Human memory is a complex function that involves the interaction of multiple brain regions and cognitive processes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying memory can provide valuable insights into the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Continuing research in this area is crucial to developing effective therapeutic interventions and improving the quality of life of individuals affected by memory disorders.
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Dr. Fabiano de Abreu Agrela Rodrigues MRSB holds a post-PhD in Neuroscience and is an elected member of Sigma Xi – The Scientific Research Honor Society (more than 200 members of Sigma Xi have received the Nobel Prize), as well as being a member of the Society for Neuroscience in the United States, the Royal Society of Biology and The Royal Society of Medicine in the United Kingdom, the European Society of Human Genetics in Vienna, Austria, and the APA – American Philosophical Association in the United States. He holds a Master’s degree in Psychology and a Bachelor’s degree in History and Biology. He is also a Technologist in Anthropology and Philosophy, with several national and international degrees in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology. Dr. Fabiano is a member of prestigious high IQ societies, including Mensa International, Intertel, ISPE High IQ Society, Triple Nine Society, ISI-Society, and HELLIQ Society High IQ. He is the author of more than 300 scientific studies and 30 books. He is currently a visiting professor at PUCRS in Brazil, UNIFRANZ in Bolivia and Santander in Mexico. He also serves as Director of CPAH – Centro de Pesquisa e Análises Heráclito and is the creator of the GIP project, which estimates IQ through the analysis of genetic intelligence. Dr. Fabiano is also a registered journalist, having his name included in the book of records for achieving four records, one of which is for being the greatest creator of characters in the history of the press.