Anxiety is a state of alert characterized by a “pending process,” in which the brain springs into action to find solutions to situations perceived as challenging or threatening. In this process, the neurotransmitter glutamate plays a central role, being produced in greater quantities to activate brain circuits responsible for dealing with stressful stimuli. Glutamate, as an excitatory neurotransmitter, intensifies activity in regions such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, areas that regulate fear, stress, and decision-making.
When the glutamatergic system is constantly and rapidly activated, as occurs in chronic anxiety states, it requires greater interaction with other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which help modulate the stress response. However, if the brain cannot balance these systems efficiently, excess glutamate can lead to prolonged brain excitation, a phenomenon known as excitotoxicity. This process results in the wear and tear of neurons, which, when compromised, can die, impacting the brain structure.
These changes can occur especially in regions such as the hippocampus, which is associated with memory and mood. Neuronal death and loss of brain plasticity contribute to the emergence of other conditions, such as depression, which is often associated with chronic anxiety. Thus, glutamate, although essential for quick and instinctive responses, can, in excess, generate brain imbalances that affect mental and emotional health.
Conclusion
Anxiety is a natural and necessary process for dealing with challenges, but its constant activation can overload brain systems. Glutamate plays a central role in this process, but its imbalance, combined with the brain’s inability to modulate other neurotransmitters, can lead to structural and functional changes in the brain, paving the way for conditions such as depression. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial to developing management strategies that prevent the negative effects of chronic anxiety.
Dr. Fabiano de Abreu Agrela Rodrigues MRSB holds a post-PhD in Neuroscience and is an elected member of Sigma Xi – The Scientific Research Honor Society (more than 200 members of Sigma Xi have received the Nobel Prize), as well as being a member of the Society for Neuroscience in the United States, the Royal Society of Biology and The Royal Society of Medicine in the United Kingdom, the European Society of Human Genetics in Vienna, Austria, and the APA – American Philosophical Association in the United States. He holds a Master’s degree in Psychology and a Bachelor’s degree in History and Biology. He is also a Technologist in Anthropology and Philosophy, with several national and international degrees in Neuroscience and Neuropsychology. Dr. Fabiano is a member of prestigious high IQ societies, including Mensa International, Intertel, ISPE High IQ Society, Triple Nine Society, ISI-Society, and HELLIQ Society High IQ. He is the author of more than 300 scientific studies and 30 books. He is currently a visiting professor at PUCRS in Brazil, UNIFRANZ in Bolivia and Santander in Mexico. He also serves as Director of CPAH – Centro de Pesquisa e Análises Heráclito and is the creator of the GIP project, which estimates IQ through the analysis of genetic intelligence. Dr. Fabiano is also a registered journalist, having his name included in the book of records for achieving four records, one of which is for being the greatest creator of characters in the history of the press.